<p>Blacksburg Historic District is a national historic district located at Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Virginia. The district encompasses 137 contributing buildings and 2 contributing sites in the central business district and surrounding residential areas of the town of Blacksburg. The district includes commercial, residential, and institutional buildings in a variety of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Colonial Revival. Notable buildings include the Johnson House , Blacksburg Presbyterian Church #1 , Smith-Montgomery House , Croy House, Spout Spring House, Deyerles Store , W. B. Conway Building, Presbyterian manse , Sheriff Camper House , Christ Episcopal Church , African Methodist Episcopal Church of Blacksburg, Blacksburg Presbyterian Church , Blacksburg Methodist Church , St. Marys Catholic Church, Hunters Lodge Masonic Building , Martin-Logan Store , Lyric Theater , and Elletts Drug Store .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>BLACKSBURG HISTORIC DISTRICT, MONTGOMERY CTY, VA.jpgChrist Episcopal Church</p><br>
<p>Yellow Sulphur Springs is a historic resort complex located near Christiansburg, Montgomery County, Virginia. The complex includes the main building; proprietor&#39;s cottage ; three rows of cottages formerly denominated the Petersburg, Memphis, and Spring Hill rows; a carriage house; and the site of a man-made lake and 19th century bowling alley . Though established in the 1700s, the original section of the current main building was built about 1810, and expanded in 1840. The inn was mentioned in local records as far back as the late 1700s, before nearby Blacksburg, Virginia was established. It is a two-story, eight bay frame hotel building set upon a full basement. The building features a two-story portico with square Roman Doric piers stretches the length of the weatherboarded structure. The cold mineral spring water on the property is rich in minerals and doctors prescribed it to their patients.</p><br>
<p>The Springs has had various owners over the centuries. The first buildings were constructed by Charles Taylor. Ridgeway Holt owned and operated the resort for over 20 years following the Civil War and into the 20th century. During the 1920s Yellow Sulphur Springs was owned and operated by a consortium of local African American businessmen. During the Great Depression the property was leased to the state of Virginia who housed and trained itinerant workers there. After the depression the Springs resort was owned by Charles Crumpacker, a local businessman and farmer. Upon his death his daughter Charlsie "Pistol Packing Mama" Crumpacker owned and lived at the resort.</p><br>
<p>The property is currently owned by Bernard Ross and Victoria Taylor. Several of the nineteenth century cottages have been refurbished and are occupied by long term renters who enjoy the historic gardens and lovely trees. There is a Healing Arts Studio of new construction where massage and acupuncture treatments are given. www.yellowsulphursprings.com. Additionally a one bedroom guest cottage is available for overnight rental.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The Lena N. Gale Cabin, in a development near Lake Tahoe at 726 Cedar St. in Zephyr Cove, Nevada, is a historic building built in 1940. Also known as Good Medicine Cabin, it is an example of Rustic architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its architecture. Its NRHP nomination argues that it "typifies the development of middle class summer recreation opportunities at Lake Tahoe during the mid-20th century" and that it is "an excellent local example of the Rustic Style of architecture favored for mountain recreational dwellings during the first half of the 20th century."</p><br>
<p>Bowstring Truss Bridge, also known as the Roaring Run Bowstring Truss Bridge and King Tubular Arch Truss Bridge, is a historic bowstring truss bridge located at the Ironto Rest Area near Ironto, Montgomery County, Virginia. It was built by the King Bridge Company in 1878, and is a single-span, four-panel tubular arch pony truss. It measures 55 ft long, 12 ft wide, and 6 ft high with an open roadway width of approximately 9 ft. The bridge was partially disassembled and moved from its original location to a second site during the 1930s, where it remained until moved to its current location in 1977.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was documented by the Historic American Engineering Record in 1983 and listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013.</p><br>
<p>Kentland Farm Historic and Archeological District is a historic home, archaeological site, and national historic district located near Blacksburg, Montgomery County, Virginia. The district encompasses a complex of 19th century agricultural outbuildings associated with a Federal and Greek Revival style brick dwelling built 1834–1835. Located in the district are significant archaeological resources that include a complex of Late Woodland village or camp sites.</p><br>
<h2>Native American Occupation</h2><br>
<p>There is archeological evidence of a Late Woodland Period occupation on the site. "An archeological survey, conducted in 1991, confirmed that there is at least one extensive Late Woodland Period (AD 800-1600) prehistoric Indian village located on the farm. The investigation resulted in the recovery of hundreds of artifacts including weapons, stone tools and lithic debris from tool manufacture, fragments of aboriginal clay pottery, fire-cracked rocks from hearths or fireplaces, and other pieces. There is also evidence of Native American Shawnee habitation and migration in the late 1700s through Kentland Farm, Toms Creek, Virginia, and the New River (Kanawha River)."</p><br>
<h2>Kent Family</h2><br>
<p>James Randal KentKern, John. 1996. "Kentland Farm, a New River Plantation". Journal of the Roanoke Valley Historical Society. 13, no. 2: 45-52. Abstract: Owners and/or occupants of Kentland Farm include John Buchanan, Abram Trigg, Gordon Cloyd, Thomas Cloyd, David Cloyd, James Randall Kent, Mary Cloyd Kent, Margaret Kent Cowan, John T. Cowan, James Randal Kent Cowan, Maude Battle Cowan, Francis Bell, and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. Short biographical sketches are included.</p><br>
<p>Kentland Farm was previously known as Buchanan&#39;s Bottom, The property also included Cowans Mill. acquired the farm in the early 1800s. According to the USA Census just prior to the Civil War, Kent produced corn, wheat, wool, butter, hay, clover seed, oats, flax seed, plus horses, cattle, sheep and swine, and owned 123 slaves. His property holdings were twice as valuable as the next wealthiest landowner in Montgomery County.</p><br>
<p>James Kent also owned the largest number of slaves in the region. Before the Civil War, along with his daughter who owned another farm across the river, that is now the site of the Radford Arsenal, they owned 250 slaves in 1860.</p><br>
<h3>Farm Buildings</h3><br>
<p>The site today still maintains several buildings from the Kent family farm period. This includes the antebellum brick manor house, and other buildings including a mill, numerous early farm buildings, garden areas, an antebellum cemetery for the Kent family and for the slave community.</p><br>
<p>Many of the farm buildings "were constructed in the 1950s and have been retrofitted over and over again. Some have been abandoned, like two old concrete block silos that still stand on the site." Other buildings are more recently constructed, from the 1980s to the present. Some of the old barns held unexpected finds, such as an old apple cider press and early chain saws, now refurbished and used by the students.</p><br>
<p>The house is considered modest today, but was built of brick to keep it cool during the summers. German stonemasons mined limestone from Brush Mountain, while slaves mined clay from nearby pits and made the bricks for the home and the six-sided smokehouse. "Other, long forgotten artisans worked on the house&#39;s interior, including a perfectly preserved and ornately carved wooden handrail on the main staircase."</p><br>
<p>The manor house was built in 1834-35 as a two-story, five-bay, Flemish bond brick I house, extended two story ell, stone foundation, metal-sheathed gable roof, Federal and Greek revival interior and exterior detailing, and adjacent cistern, two-story kitchen, and hexagonal brick meat house (Patricia Givens Johnson, 1995).</p><br>
<h2>Virginia Tech</h2><br>
<p>Virginia Tech acquired the 1,785 acre Kentland Farm in a controversial land swap on December 31, 1986. The acquisition expanded the college farm to over 3,000 acres. The farm was purchased for the support of teaching, research, and extension programs in the Virginia Tech College of Agriculture and Life Sciences.</p><br>
<p>There has been some discussion about the preservation and demonstration of African American habitation on the site. This includes the location and preservation of slave cemeteries, cabins and other evidence of their use of the land.</p><br>
<p>in 2015, construction began on Virginia Techs $14 million dairy center on Kentland Farm. Subsequently, Virginia Techs 500-head dairy herd and production facility was relocated to the farm. Other projects at the time included improving soil characteristics on the farm.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991, with a boundary increase in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former location on Prater Way in Sparks, Nevada was a brick Roman Catholic church that was built in 1932 to replace an earlier church that was built in 1905 but destroyed by a fire in 1930. It was designed by prolific Nevada architect Frederic J. DeLongchamps  in Mediterranean Revival architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was used as a Catholic church as late as 2004 when construction on a larger building was completed and the parish moved to current location. When the older building on Prater Way, Sparks, Nevada was photographed in 2014, it was operating under the name "Iglesia Cristiana Monte Sinai".</p><br>
<p>The older church building on Prater Way was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1992. The building was deemed significant as the oldest surviving Catholic church in Sparks, as one of the first built in Nevada after the state became a diocese under 1931 decree of Pope Pius XI, and architecturally as a relatively rare use of Mediterranean Revival style in Nevada and "one of the many outstanding works" of DeLongchamps.</p><br>
<p>Its original form is "somewhat obscured" by a 1970 addition of a vestibule and porch on the front, added to provide handicapped access, but the addition was designed to be compatible architecturally.</p><br>
<p>The newer location had further construction in 2006 to build a Faith Foundation building in the east end of the parking lot. That construction was completed in 2007.</p><br>
<p>Oak Ridge Railroad Overpass is a historic Pratt truss bridge located near Shipman, Nelson County, Virginia. It was built by the Keystone Bridge Company in 1882, and is a single-span, through Pratt truss with two wooden beam approach spans. The span length is 100 feet. The approach spans are 19 feet long. It carries VA State Route 653 over the busy Norfolk Southern Washington District, part of the former Southern Main Line between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Pharsalia is a historic plantation house and farm complex located near Tyro, Nelson County, Virginia. The main house was built between 1814 and 1816 using slave labor, and is a one-story, 11 bay, linear, single-pile, Federal style, frame manor house. It has a standing seam metal gable roof and features a three-bay porch with a gable roof. It was enlarged in the mid-19th century to its current T-shaped plan. Also on the property are the contributing kitchen / laundry / slave hospital , icehouse / School , crib barn , smokehouse , weaving Room , several slave quarters , and privy . Also on the property are the sites of a commercial smokehouse  and mill .</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Slavery</h2><br>
<p>The property was ordered constructed by American planter and Revolutionary War veteran Thomas Massie as a wedding present for his son William Massie (1795-1862) and his first wife, Sarah Steptoe (1796-1828). At the height of ownership, William owned close to 200 enslaved African-Americans who lived in twenty-five slave quartering buildings on the property. At William&#39;s death, there were 154 enslaved people living at Pharsalia who then fell into possession of his fourth wife, Maria Catherine Effinger (1814-1889), and his children. William began slave record keeping in 1815 after being gifted his first twenty-one slaves from his father and an additional amount from his first father-in-law, James Steptoe.</p><br>
<p>Those enslaved at Pharsalia produced wheat, oats, hemp, tobacco, potatoes, bacon, whiskey, wool, apples, and other crops, and raised animals for the Massie family. William was also a prominent slave barterer, breeder, and seller in addition to owner, keeping meticulous records on those enslaved at Pharsalia and the crops they produced, and occasionally would detail their lives including their deaths and if they were sold and why in his "Negro Book." Over the course of his ownership of Pharsalia, William maintained numerous bills of sale for enslaved men, women, and children, many of whom were related and were thus separated from their family members upon sale.</p><br>
<p>Women and girls who were enslaved at Pharsalia were forced to have children as young as fourteen years old and would be forced to continue to have children for up to thirty years after; giving birth every one to two years. The higher the rates of survival for their births, the longer they were used by the Massie family for breeding.</p><br>
<p>In 1859, three years before his death, William Massie recorded that he had 62 enslaved people working in the fields who earned him an average of $81.41 yearly each—an amount totaling $5,047.42 or the equivalent of $181,226.70 as of 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Civil War</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, Pharsalia was opened to Confederate troops for quartering and feeding by William&#39;s widow, Maria Effinger, who provided Confederate soldiers in the region food and shelter. Maria also contracted enslaved people at the Pharsalia plantation for laboring and impressment on Confederate fortifications, for horse maintenance and goods production during the war.</p><br>
<p>The Dalles Commercial Historic District comprises a primarily commercial and civic portion of downtown The Dalles, Oregon, United States. Strategically located at the eastern end of the Columbia River Gorge and near Celilo Falls, The Dalles became the preeminent transportation and trading hub of the interior Northwest in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The 46 historic buildings and other features of the district, built between 1860 and 1938, reflect the city&#39;s status and evolution as the gateway to the Columbia Plateau and the commercial, governmental, and cultural center of Eastern Oregon.</p><br>
<p>The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Grove is a historic plantation house located near Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia. The main section was built about 1810, and is a -story, single pile, brick structure. The frame section was added about 1916. It has a traditional one-room side-hall plan. Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse and several sheds added about 1916. It was the farm residence of the Christians, a leading county family of colonial and early-Republican times. The 19th-century cemetery contains the graves of the Christian family, including Letitia Christian Tyler, the first wife of President John Tyler.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>Fosters Castle is a historic plantation house located near Tunstall, New Kent County, Virginia. It was built about 1685, as a -story, T-shaped brick building, with a two-story central projection at the front. The house is similar to neighboring Criss Cross. It was raised to a full two stories with a low pitched roof in 1873. Its builder, Colonel Joseph Foster, was a vestryman and supervisor of construction at St. Peters Church.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<p>Hampstead is a historic plantation house located near Tunstall, New Kent County, Virginia. It was built about 1825, as a two-story, rectangular Federal style brick dwelling with a hipped roof. The front facade features alternating window bays and pilasters and a central two-story pedimented projecting portico. Also located on the property are the contributing ruins of a granary, an 18th-century cottage and an icehouse</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The William J. Graham House, at 548 California Ave. in Reno, Nevada, United States, is a historic Tudor Revival house that was built in 1928. It was designed by George A. Schastey. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places  in 1983.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant primarily for its association with William J. Graham—who had it built and lived there 40 years—who was "a major figure in the history of Nevada</p><br>
<p>gaming, who also was prominent in other colorful aspects of 20th century Nevada history," according to its NRHP nomination. He was a developer of casinos and a redlight district, a bootlegger, and a fight promoter—including of the 1931 Baer-Uzcudun fight.</p><br>
<p>The house is also notable for its well-preserved craftsmanship.</p><br>
<p>Bardwell station was a historic train station at the city of Bardwell in the far western part of the USA state of Kentucky. Constructed in the late nineteenth century along the railroad&#39;s main line, it was the center of life for local residents and served as a significant maintenance site for the railroad. As a simple functional structure, the depot qualified for designation as a historic site in 1976, but it no longer stands.</p><br>
<h2>Structural history</h2><br>
<p>When the Illinois Central Railroad reached Bardwell in the 1870s, its first "station" was a camp car temporarily placed along the tracks. A standing structure was soon built in the middle of the decade. During its existence, the first permanent building was the center of the community; when the General Assembly incorporated Bardwell as a city in the late 1870s, its boundaries were defined as being a circle with a radius of 0.5 mi centered on the depot. This first permanent station remained until 1890, when a team of carpenters employed by the railroad erected a replacement building. Like its predecessor, the second permanent station sat at the heart of the city; Bardwell is platted with its streets parallel to the railroad line, and the depots location places it in the heart of the small commercial district. By this time, the station was a key location for the railroad as well as for the community; as early as 1885, Bardwell was deemed one of the regions premier Illinois Central stations, and it had become the center of a very extensive grain and livestock trade. Services such as a water stop were placed at Bardwell, for it lay on the main line between Chicago and New Orleans; the railroad&#39;s grand Ohio River bridge at Cairo is just a short distance to the north. Locals have long remembered that Purchase native Alben W. Barkley typically began his railroad journeys back to Washington, D.C., while he was the Vice President of the United States.</p><br>
<p>Relations between railroad and residents extended past that of shipper and shipping company: the Illinois Central operated a seed-sales division to serve farmers along its lines, and Bardwell&#39;s station hosted multiple trains that the railroad used to show off the latest agricultural products. The station continued to serve both as seed showroom and transportation hub well into the twentieth century, but by the 1970s the railroad had ceased using the depot.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The second Illinois Central depot at Bardwell was typical of small-town railroad stations constructed in the late nineteenth century. Constructed without unnecessary decorations and built in a simple rectangular plan, it featured large doors and windows, a hip roof with wide eaves and simple brackets, and a loading dock with ramps for the freight doors. Exceptions to the simple rectangle were few: they included a signal tower, which was placed after the original construction, and an original bay window that was placed in order to facilitate a better view of trains for railroad employees inside the depot. Its walls were clapboard placed in an unusual manner: horizontal boards were placed midway between the ground and the roof on all sides of the building, but the remainder was covered with vertical boards. Part of the building&#39;s interior space was devoted to storage areas for railroad maintenance vehicles.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>After the railroad ceased using the depot, local residents proposed its conversion into a library and museum in the 1970s, partly because all other historic Illinois Central stations between Cairo and Fulton, Kentucky had been demolished by 1976. In that year, the depot received recognition far beyond western Kentucky: on June 16, the National Park Service announced that the depot had been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as the Illinois Central Railroad Station and Freight Depot, qualifying both because of its place in local history and as a significant example of vernacular architecture. Despite its historic significance, the depot no longer stands; its site is now an empty lot along the rail line. The depot remains listed on the National Register despite its destruction; it is one of five Carlisle County locations on the Register, along with the Neville-Patterson-Lamkin House near Arlington, the George W. Stone House near Milburn, and the Marshall and Turk Sites, a pair of archaeological sites from the Mississippian culture located near Bardwell.</p><br>
<p>The Miller–Rowe–Holgate House at 18 Winter St. in Reno, Nevada is a historic house that was built in 1902–03. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005; the listing included two contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "for its association with the community planning and development area of</p><br>
<p>significance, and the evolution of building use in Pownings Addition" development of Reno. After remodeling, the structure provided three apartments (flats) as housing to serve Renos profitable divorce trade.</p><br>
<p>Friday&#39;s Station, on US 50 between Kingsbury Grade and Loop Road in Stateline, Nevada, is a two-story wood-frame white building built as a Pony Express station and inn in 1860. In 1986, it was known as Park Cattle Company Residence and was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The two-story wood-frame white building is visible from USA Route 50 near the California-Nevada border at Stateline, Nevada.</p><br>
<p>When built, it was also a Union Army military post of the District of California.</p><br>
<p>During the 1870s through the 1880s it operated as a resort under the name "Buttermilk Bonanza Ranch."</p><br>
<p>The nearest locale was called Smalls by 1891, but had changed its name to Tahoe Village by 1955.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the building has undergone several remodels throughout its history, but the original floor plan included space for both a restaurant and a saloon on the lower floor. The upper floor has remained largely unchanged since its construction, except that it now features bathrooms which were not part of the original structure. It is the only Pony Express station in the state of Nevada to survive in a largely intact form.</p><br>
<p>It is designated as California Historical Landmark #728.</p><br>
<p>Emmaus Baptist Church is a historic Southern Baptist church located near Providence Forge, New Kent County, Virginia. It was built between 1849 and 1852, and is a rectangular, simple nave- plan structure in the Greek Revival style. It measures 38 feet wide by 50 feet long. Also on the property is a contributing church cemetery that contains 195 tombstones with dates ranging from 1855 to 1989.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Spring Hill is a historic home located near Providence Forge, Virginia. It was built about 1765, and is a -story, five-bay, gable-roofed, timber-frame Federal style dwelling. It has a center-hall plan. An addition was built in 1947. Also on the property is a contributing smokehouse. It is representative of a typical mid- to late-18th-century farmhouse in the Tidewater area of Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The house was built by Richard Croshaw Graves before the American Revolution. He commanded the New Kent and Charles County militias during the American Revolution (1776–82). After the war, he returned to his plantation, which he called "Indian Fields," and had a new house constructed for his growing family between 1782 and 1784. He died there in 1798. The property passed to his son, Colonel Richard Graves. The Graves family retained possession of Indian Fields until 1863 when it was sold.</p><br>
<p>Local legend has it that Thomas Jefferson spent the eve of his wedding to Martha Wayles Skelton at Indian Fields with his friend Richard C. Graves. The young lawyer was traveling from Williamsburg, where he was attending court sessions, to Marthas family home, "The Forest," located in Charles City County. He began his journey on Christmas Eve, and arrived at "The Forest" shortly after Christmas Day, 1771. He would have spent Christmas en route with the Graves family. Jefferson applied for a marriage license on December 31, 1771, and the couple was married on New Years Day, 1772.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002.</p><br>
<p>Crumps Mill and Millpond is a historic grist mill and mill pond located near Talleysville, New Kent County, Virginia. The mill is dated to the 1870s, and is a simple rectangular two-story frame structure with a gable roof. Much of the mill machinery survives at Crumps Mill. It replaced a mill built before 1818 and destroyed by fire in 1872, and remained in operation until 1955. The damming of South Branch in the early-19th century created a large millpond in the shape of the letter "L." The mill sits behind the dam</p><br>
<p>that creates the 16-acre millpond. The mill and millpond are both located on private property.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Gardnerville Elementary School, at 1290 Toler Ave. in Gardnerville, Nevada, is a historic Classical Revival-style school that is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>It was built in 1928, and, as of 2008, was still used as a school, though other buildings on the property besides the NRHP-listed one exist.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register in 2008, along with Minden Elementary School.</p><br>
<p>The Arendt Jensen Jr. House, at 1243 A and 1243 B Eddie St. in Gardnerville, Nevada, is a historic Bungalow/Craftsman-style house that was built in 1932. Also known as the Langlands House, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1994; the listing included two contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for its association with Gardnerville&#39;s Jensen family and "as a fine example of a craftsman bungalow constructed in the town in the 1930s."</p><br>
<p>It was home of Arendt Jensen Jr. from 1932 to just 1935, when he died, but home for wife Minnie Jensen until she died in 1991.</p><br>
<p>The Arendt Jensen House, at 1431 Ezell St. in Gardnerville, Nevada, is a historic foursquare house—in this case termed a "Denver Square" form—that was built in 1910. It was a home of Danish immigrant Arendt Jensen, a merchant who became prominent in Gardnersville.</p><br>
<p>Also known as the Reid Mansion, it includes Colonial Revival-style ornamentation. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1989; the listing included two contributing buildings: the second is an accompanying garage.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant for being "unique in the town of Gardnerville, Nevada in its scale and architectural sophistication&quot it has been identified to be "one of Gardnervilles most outstanding buildings&#39; in a comprehensive architectural survey of the Carson Valley conducted by the Douglas County Planning Department</p><br>
<p>in 1981."</p><br>
<p>The Pearl Upson House, at 937 Jones St. in Reno, Nevada, United States, is a historic, two-story, red brick, simplified-Queen Anne-style house that was built in 1902. Also known as the Arrizabalaga House, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "for the role it played in Reno&#39;s community planning and development history" and "as an excellent example of Queen Anne architecture, as the style was manifested in Reno". It was named in its NRHP nomination for Pearl Upson, the first occupant identifiable in city directories.</p><br>
<p>Hungars Church, also known as Hungars Parish Church, is a historic Episcopal church located at Bridgetown, Northampton County, Virginia. Since 1828, when an additional church was constructed about nine miles away in Eastville , the parish has had two churches.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Accawmake Kingdome was the original homeland of the American Indigenous Accawmacke Indians. They had a flourishing settlement of small towns before the English immigrants arrived. Those colonists established Accomack Shire as one of the eight original shires, and included what later became Accomack and Northampton counties on the Delmarva Peninsula. The first assigned clergyman was Rev. Francis Bolton. This land was patented (claimed) by Rev. John Cotton, who farmed as well as served as the parishs second rector, from about 1632 to 1645. In that year, vestryman Robert Vaughn died and bequeathed tobacco toward construction of a church which became known as Nussawattocks Church. Northampton County was organized into two parishes divided by Kings Creek in 1642, and in 1663 Accomac Parish was split off from the northern part of Hungars Parish. In 1690, Nassawattocks Parish was merged into Hungars Parish, and Eastville became the seat of Northampton county. Meanwhile, a wooden church was built at what was then called Church Neck by Magothy Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1653 a wealthy vestryman who had some prior disagreements with Rev. Cotton, Stephen Charlton, gave land for a glebe to support the minister, and may have given additional funds to build a church. When he died two years later, his will provided that the church would receive his estate if his daughters died. Since one was married at 12 years of age and soon died in childbirth, litigation occurred, and again after disestablishment of the Episcopal Church circa 1808. The Glebe of Hungars Parish remained the official residence of the parishs ministers from 1745 until 1850, although it was sold at auction after disestablishment conditioned upon the litigation results; the last rector to live at the glebe was Rev. Francis Upton, who served until 1850.</p><br>
<p>In 1679, a contract was entered into for a 40-foot-long wooden church at the Hungars site, although Maj. William Spencer did not give the parish title to the land until 1684. Since 1690, the parish has had the same boundaries as Northampton county; Mr. John Monroe became the minister the following year.</p><br>
<p>The current building is the third parish church of Hungars Parish. It may have been built in 1742, perhaps as a result of a ferry to York and Hampton being located nearby since 1731, and was the second largest in Virginia before the Revolutionary war. A will in 1759 referred to a new church on Hungars Creek. The disestablishment of the Episcopal Church circa 1802 led to the abandonment of both the Magothy and Hungars chapels, which were stripped. Remaining parishioners met at the countys courthouse in Eastville, and the parish preserved the alms basin given the Magothy Bay church by Lt. Gov. Nicholson circa 1690, as well as the 1741 communion silver given Hungars Church by John Custis (father-in-law of Martha Dandridges first husband, she later married George Washington). Hungars Church was resurrected in 1819 as some prosperity returned to the area, but the ferry now had competition, a ferry to Pungoteague, i.e. the part that split off into Accomack Parish. Around the time Hungars parish lost the glebe as rectors residence, Hungars church was reported unsafe. It was renovated in 1851 by a contractor from further up the peninsula in Snow Hill, Maryland and physically shortened (from 92 feet in length, to about 74 feet) as well as having the balcony (seating for non-pew-holders, including slaves) redone.</p><br>
<p>In 1884, the New York, Philadelphia and Norfolk Railroad was built down the Delmarva peninsula to Cape Charles, Virginia. Its wealthy and politically connected developer, William Lawrence Scott, hired an engineer from Pocomoke City, Maryland to lay it out. The railroad, which helped the area economically and may have led to the parish&#39;s greatest prosperity (before World War I), included Eastville Station, not far from the existing town, and its terminus was close to the historic Hungars Church (although several churches, including Emmanuel Episcopal Church, as well as Presbyterian, Methodist, Baptist and Catholic churches, were soon built within Cape Charles). Hungars parish was able to afford additional renovations to Hungars Church in 1892 (adding the current gallery as well as stove flues), 1922 (oak floor), and then in 1950 and 1955 (lighting, central heat, brick floor in vestibule), 1985 (air conditioning) and 1991–1992 (pulpit, wood renovation). However, ending of both railroad passenger service in 1958 and ferry service in over forty years ago has led to some stagnation, as well as development as tourist attractions.</p><br>
<p>Meanwhile, another church was built at Eastville (current address 16304 Courthouse Rd.) in 1828, which replaced the Magothy church. Christ Church was built on land given by Severn E. Parker of Kendall Grove, although the deed was not recorded in his lifetime, but by his daughter. Bequests and memorials led to the installation of stained glass windows in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, and they were renovated in 1992. The baroque pipe organ was donated in 1986. In 1974, Robert S. and Ellen B. Trower donated the adjacent land upon which the parish hall was built. Christ Episcopal Church in Eastville is considered a Virginia Historic Landmark (DHR-ID:214-0040-0055), as well as one of 315 contributing properties in the Eastville Historical District, which achieved both federal and state recognition in 2009. The current rectory (for both churches in the parish) was acquired in 1985, and is about a half mile south of Christ Church, Eastville.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>According to the historic survey, the building was built between 1742 and 1751, and is a one-story, brick, Colonial structure with four-bay north and south facades, two-bay end walls, and a gable roof with modillioned cornice. The building was shortened in 1851, and the cornice, roof, and floor may date from 1922.</p><br>
<h2>Current status</h2><br>
<p>The parish remains active in the Episcopal Diocese of Southern Virginia. The Hungars Church building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. Neither church was included in the Cape Charles Historic District in 1991. However, the Eastville Historical District containing Christ Church was added to the National Register in 2009. The Rev. Daniel Lee Crockett currently serves as rector of both Hungars Cure churches; the parish&#39;s administrative offices are next to Christ Church in Eastville.</p><br>
<p>The Lew M. Meder House, at 308 N. Nevada St. in Carson City, Nevada, United States, is a historic house with Late Victorian architecture that was built in 1876. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Measured drawings of the house were prepared by the Historic American Buildings Survey. Its NRHP nomination suggests that its NRHP recognition would support designation of a surrounding area as a historic district.</p><br>
<p>The McCarthy–Platt House, at 1000 Plumas St. in Reno, Nevada, is a historic house that was originally built in 1900 and was redesigned in 1925 by architect Frederic J. DeLongchamps. It includes Colonial Revival architecture elements.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1984. It was deemed significant for association with its architect Frederic J. DeLongchamps, for its associations with Reno developer Charles McCarthy and Nevada attorney/politician Samuel Platt, and "as a noteworthy example" of Colonial Revival architecture in Nevada.</p><br>
<p>Vaucluse is a historic plantation house located near Bridgetown, Northampton County, Virginia. It is a complex, two-story, ell-shaped brick and frame structure with a gable roof. Attached to the house is a -story quarter kitchen with brick ends. The brickended section of the house was built about 1784, with the addition to the house added in 1829. The annex connecting the house with the old kitchen was probably added in 1889. It was the home of Secretary of State Abel P. Upshur  who died in the USS Princeton disaster of 1844. His brother USA Navy Commander George P. Upshur , owned nearby Caserta from 1836 to 1847.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Stratton Manor is a historic plantation house located near Cape Charles, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built in the third quarter of the 18th century, and is a -story, single-pile, gable roof house with a wood-frame core of three bays with brick ends. A two-story ell was added in the first quarter of the 20th century. It is a characteristic example of the 18th-century vernacular architecture distinctive of Virginia&#39;s Eastern Shore.</p><br>
<p>The house has the name of Benjamin Stratton, the original owner of the site. Stratton Manor was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>Kendall Grove is a historic plantation house located near Eastville, Virginia, United States. It was built about 1813, and is a two-story, Federal style wood-frame house with two-story projecting pavilions on the front and the rear and smaller two-story wings on each end added about 1840. It is cross-shaped in plan. The main house is joined by a long passage to a wood-frame kitchen-laundry. The house was improved about 1840, with the addition of Greek Revival style interior details. It was the home of Congressman and General Severn E. Parker. The home has the name of Colonel William Kendall, the original owner of the site.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<p>The McKinley Park School, at Riverside Drive and Keystone Avenue in Reno, Nevada, USA, is a historic school building that was built in 1909. It includes Mission/Spanish Revival architecture and was designed by George Ferris. Also known as the City of Reno, Recreation Center, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It is a U-shaped 150 x building with a south-facing courtyard. It is close in design to that of the NRHP-listed Mt. Rose Elementary School; with two more schools that no longer exist these make up a "so-called Spanish Quartet" of four Reno schools built with the same Mission Revival style during 1909–12, when Reno was rapidly growing.</p><br>
<p>In 1985, the building was used by the City of Reno for offices for its recreation program.</p><br>
<p>With this motto, "The measure of the worth of an organization to its community, is bound in its ability to embrace opportunities for service" the Twentieth Century Club  had its beginning in 1894. Mrs. Walter McNab Miller served as President for an original group of 84 women. The Club&#39;s name was chosen to reflect a look forward to the future and the beginning of the new century.</p><br>
<p>In 1894, Club members started a circulating library, and in 1898 a scholarship to the University of Nevada was funded. In 1901, members of the Twentieth Century Club participated in founding the Kindergarten Association and urged the Legislature to establish public kindergartens throughout the state. During the war years, many hours were devoted to the home-front war effort.</p><br>
<p>In 1925 a Clubhouse was built on First Street on the river by Roush and Belz. Through the years the Clubhouse was the pride of its members. Much social life of Reno revolved around the facilities of this Clubhouse – weddings, luncheons, dinner dances, and civic meetings.</p><br>
<p>Before 1930, the 20th Century Club was involved in a wide variety of causes like passing laws that prohibit spitting on sidewalks, social causes, education and morale. The club&#39;s membership peaked at around 1,000 members.</p><br>
<p>In 1980, the Twentieth Century Club sold the building, and the Club&#39;s Steinway grand piano was donated to the Reno Philharmonic.</p><br>
<p>Since 1986 two scholarships are awarded to female students with an interest in medicine. Currently the scholarships are in the amount of $2500 each. Monetary donations totaling $20,000 are given to local philanthropic organizations each year, and organized philanthropic endeavors are scheduled at Club meetings throughout the year.</p><br>
<p>A monthly luncheon is held September through May featuring a program of music or lecturers.</p><br>
<p>The Twentieth Century Club has entered its third century as the oldest, active women&#39;s club in the state of Nevada.</p><br>
<p>Contact information is as follows:</p><br>
<p>The former Twentieth Century Clubhouse, now known as the 20th Century Building still stands today and is located at 335 W. First St. This building is historic and listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The building was designed by Fred M. Schadler and includes Classical Revival and Prairie School architecture. It was built in 1925.</p><br>
<p>The building was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>The Lake Mansion in Reno, Nevada, is a historic house that originally stood at the corner of Virginia and California Streets and is now located at 250 Court Street. It was built in 1877 by W.J. Marsh. It includes Late Victorian and Italianate architecture and was a home associated with Myron Lake, one of Reno&#39;s founders, who bought it in 1879.</p><br>
<p>In 1971 the house was moved to the grounds of the Convention Center, on the corner of Kietzke Lane and Virginia Street, and in 2004 it was moved again, to its current location. The house is 36 x and has a hipped roof with a widow&#39;s walk. It was wrapped on three sides by a veranda, which was lost in the move, but which was intended to be replaced.</p><br>
<p>Despite its having been moved, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Bank Saloon, at 418 S. Carson St. in Carson City, Nevada, was built in 1899. Also known as Jack&#39;s Bar, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as "the representative of a class of establishments</p><br>
<p>that have played a vital role in the social and political atmosphere of Carson City,</p><br>
<p>essentially a small rural community that enjoys the honor of being Nevada&#39;s capitol." It opened August 19, 1899 and is apparently the longest continuously operating bar in Carson City, having served even through Prohibition. Being across from the Nevada State Capitol, it is believed to have had hosted many informal meetings that have affected the course of history in the state.</p><br>
<p>The original Jack&#39;s Bar closed in June 2002, and the building fell into severe disrepair, including visibly leaning walls and nesting pigeons. Restoration work began in May 2017 and finished in 2020, with an official re-opening in November of that year as the Bank Saloon once more.</p><br>
<p>Cessford is a historic plantation house located at Eastville, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built about 1801, and is a -story, Federal style brick dwelling with a later two-story brick addition. It has a slate covered gable roof and features central pedimented porches on the north and south facades. Also on the property are a contributing smokehouse, quarter kitchen, a utility building, and the original pattern of a garden. During the American Civil War, Brigadier General Henry Hayes Lockwood on July 23, 1862, commandeered the property for his headquarters and remained in residence of the property throughout the war.</p><br>
<p>The house was named after Cessford, in Scotland, the ancestral home of an early settler.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004. It is located in the Eastville Historical District.</p><br>
<p>Westerhouse House is a historic home located near Bridgetown, Northampton County, Virginia. It dates to about 1700, and is a small, one-story, four-bay, farmhouse with a steep gable roof and asymmetrical elevations. It features an exterior end chimney with a heavy pyramidal base, long sloping tiled weatherings and squat free-standing stack.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<p>Winona is a historic home located near Bridgetown, Northampton County, Virginia. It dates to about 1681, and is a small, -story, brick structure with a gable roof. It measures 32 feet, 6 inches, by 27 feet 6 inches. It features an exterior end chimney with three free-standing stacks set diagonally on the base.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<p>Brownsville is a historic home located near Nassawadox, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built in 1806, and is a two-story, brick structure with a gable roof and interior end chimney. A -story frame wing was added in 1809. The interior features Federal style woodwork.</p><br>
<p>According to the Federal Writers&#39; Project, a prehistoric Indigenous village once stood here.</p><br>
<p>Brownsville was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>Custis Tombs, also known as Custis cemetery at Arlington, is a historic family burial ground located near Cheapside, Northampton County, Virginia. It consists of two tombs surrounded by a poured concrete platform raised a few inches above ground level. It includes the grave of John Custis , Major General and member of the Council for Virginia and progenitor of the Custis family in America. The other tomb is the box-like marble tomb of John Custis IV  with its pyramidal top and drapery carvings on the long sides. The tombs were associated with Arlington mansion and located west of the separately listed Arlington Archeological Site.</p><br>
<p>The site was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The W.E. Barnard House, at 950 Joaquin Miller Dr. in Reno, Nevada, United States, was built in 1930. It includes Tudor Revival architecture, and, within that, is best described as a Cotswold Cottage style small house. Its two most dominant architectural features are a beehive chimney and a "high-pitched, gabled entry with a characteristic Tudor arch".</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2002; the listing included two contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Southside Studio, formerly known as Southside School and Southside School Annex, at 190 E. Liberty in Reno, Nevada, was built in 1936 as an additional building to a 1903-built original building. Only the 1936 annex building survives. It was built with Works Progress Administration funding. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>According to its NRHP nomination, it was deemed notable "for its association with events that have made a significant contribution to the broad patterns of our history" and also for "its embodiment of a regional interpretation of the Art Deco style in Nevada."</p><br>
<p>The building was leased to the University of Nevada, Reno in 2019 and officially opened in August 2021 as an expansion to the University of Nevada, Reno Innevation Center containing a robotics education center for K-12 students, a wood shop, and office space.</p><br>
<p>The A. G. Long House is a historic house in Portland, Oregon, United States. Built in 1908, it is perhaps the finest example of residential Colonial Revival architecture from the years soon after the style was introduced to Portland. It is additionally notable for its unusual admixture of Craftsman elements to the overall Colonial form, especially on the interior. The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Carson Brewing Company, at 102 S. Division St. in Carson City, Nevada, was built in 1864. Also known as the Carson City Nevada Appeal Building, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1978. It was originally a brewery and bar.</p><br>
<p>It is one of Carson Citys "oldest and largest brick buildings remaining from Nevadas territorial days".</p><br>
<p>It is a two-story brick building that is just one of multiple buildings in a larger original complex; others have lost integrity and are not included in the listing.</p><br>
<p>In 1971, it became an arts center, known as the Brewery Arts Center. One of the groups that helped save the building was the Nevada Artists Association, which still maintains its gallery at the site.</p><br>
<h2>Beverage production</h2><br>
<p>Carson Brewing company was originally a brewery, bar and lodging house, and has been described as the "West&#39;s first microbrewery". The brewery was located on the bottom floor of the building, and the bar and lodging room was on the second floor. The company originally brewed steam beer, which it purveyed in bottles, barrels and kegs, and changed its operations to produce a lager named "Tahoe Beer" circa 1910. During this time, the company also began producing bottled mineral water sourced from Carson Hot Springs and bottled soft drinks, as well as manufacturing and purveying artificial ice.</p><br>
<p>The William Spence House, at 308 S. Thompson St. in Carson City, Nevada, was built in 1875. It includes Greek Revival architecture. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It is a two-and-a-half-story, brick building on an 85 x property. It was built by William Mortimer Spence (1822–1920), who was a London-born cabinetmaker and pianowright, who came to the USA in 1860. He lived in the house until his death.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant as "an architecturally significant dwelling representative of transitional designs common to Carson City, Nevada, in the last quarter of the nineteenth century" and "also significant for its association with the early residential development of Carson City."</p><br>
<p>The Orion Clemens House, also known as Mark Twain&#39;s House, is a two-story Late Victorian house located at 502 N. Division St. in Carson City, the capital of the USA state of Nevada. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<p>The listing included two contributing buildings.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1862 by Orion Clemens, a lawyer who served as the first Secretary of the Nevada Territory. It has also been known as the Governors Mansion from times when Orion was territorial governor pro tem while Governor James W. Nye was absent. The house often hosted Orions younger brother Samuel Clemens, better known as Mark Twain.</p><br>
<p>The Snoma Finnish Cemetery is a cemetery located about 3+1/2 mi southeast of Fruitdale, in Butte County, South Dakota, United States. In 1885, a small Finnish community called Snoma was founded nearby, and the residents built the cemetery. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1985. The cemetery has rarely had new burials since the 1980s, with only two occurring recently in 2019 and 2022 respectively.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1885, about 40 Finnish families settled in the area and attempted to farm the land. The town had a hotel, post office, and blacksmith. John Lakson, the town&#39;s interpreter, submitted the name of either "Suomi" or "Suoma," which is Finnish for Finland, to the Post Office Department, but his handwriting was misread.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery and town rests in Butte County, South Dakota. It is located about one-half mile south of the Belle Fourche River, one-half mile southeast of Fruitdale, and about 10 miles east of Belle Fourche, South Dakota.</p><br>
<p>James Browns Dry Goods Store is a historic dry goods store located at Eastville, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built about 1880, and is a two-story, three-bay, rectangular frame commercial building located in the center of the towns historic main thoroughfare. It measures 32 feet wide by 100 feet deep. The front facade features a wide full-length porch, highly decorative molding over the transom of the display windows, and a stylized Palladian window framed with Stick / Eastlake trim.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. It is located in the Eastville Historical District.</p><br>
<p>Eastville Mercantile, also known as Eastville Drugstore, is a historic commercial building located at Eastville, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built about 1850, and is a two-story, rectangular frame building located in the center of the town&#39;s historic main thoroughfare. It measures 18 feet wide by 50 feet deep and has a front gable roof with unadorned bargeboard. It is in the form of a traditional Chesapeake store. The first floor contains a large rectangular sales room and a small counting room, while the second floor contains a storage room and an apartment.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005. It is located in the Eastville Historical District.</p><br>
<p>Benjamin&#39;s Department Store, also known as Peebles Department Store, is a historic commercial building located at Exmore, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built about 1910, and is a three-story, brick building in the Italianate style located at the most prominent corner at the core of the town. It features a metal cornice and storefronts on the west and south elevations.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<p>John W. Chandler House, also known as Mears House, is a historic home located at Exmore, Northampton County, Virginia. It was built in 1889–1890, and is a large two-story, frame Queen Anne style dwelling. It features a complex hipped-cross-gabled roof clad in slate shingles; a tower with octagonal roof; a two-story, projecting, canted bay capped by a closed gable; projecting curved bay, crowned by a closed gable with Palladian-style window; and a wrap around porch with Tuscan order columns. Also on the property are a contributing garage and sheds.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004.</p><br>
<p>The David Smaill House, at 313 W. Ann St. in Carson City, Nevada, was built in c.1876. Also known as the Smaill House, it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>It was deemed significant "for its associations with the early residential development of Carson City, Nevada", according to its NRHP nomination, which went on to note: "The dwelling is representative of the small, vernacular dwellings associated with Carson City&#39;s working class in the late 19th century. The building is architecturally noteworthy for its simplicity of design and elaborate exterior ornamentation."</p><br>
